Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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