A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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