Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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