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Pressure Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…

Non-contact Temperature Sensors

Textbook

Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…

Temperature Sensor Accessories

Textbook

One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…

Level Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…

Actuator Bench-set

Textbook

Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…

Introduction to Optical Analysis

Textbook

Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…

Proportional-only Control

Textbook

Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…

“Normal” status of a Process Switch

Textbook

Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…

Velocity-based Flowmeters

Textbook

The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…

Numerical Differentiation

Textbook

As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…

Ratio Control

Textbook

Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…

Non-contact Temperature Sensors

Textbook

Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…

Examples of PLC Systems

Textbook

Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…

Introduction to Power System Automation

Textbook

Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…

Pressure Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…

Valve Positioners

Textbook

The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…

The Basics of Control Relays

Textbook

An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…

Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

Textbook

Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…

Instantaneous and Time-overcurrent (50/51) Protection

Textbook

Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…

Basics of Electrical Current

Textbook

Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…

Calibration Standards to Produce and Measure Physical Quantities

Textbook

As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…

Electrical Sources and Electronic Load

Textbook

By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…

Introduction to Inductors and Inductance

Textbook

Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…

Filled-bulb Temperature Sensors

Textbook

Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…

Polyphase AC Power

Textbook

“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…

Radiation Level Measurement

Textbook

Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…

Cascade Control

Textbook

A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…

PID Control Terminology

Textbook

PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…

The HART Digital/Analog Hybrid Standard

Textbook

A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…

Teaching Technical Theory

Textbook

Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…

Analog to Digital Conversion and ADCs

Textbook

In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…

Overpressure Protection Devices

Textbook

Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…

Process/Instrument Suitability

Textbook

Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…

Temperature Switches

Textbook

A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…

Common Control Valve Problems

Textbook

Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…

Directional Overcurrent (67) Protection

Textbook

While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…

What is Electrical Power?

Textbook

Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…

Single-line Electrical Diagrams

Textbook

Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…

Instrument Identification Tags

Textbook

Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…

Weight-based Level Measurement

Textbook

Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…

Digital Representation of Text

Textbook

Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…

Introduction to Modbus

Textbook

Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…

Electromagnetism Basics

Textbook

The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…

Input/Output (I/O) Capabilities of PLCs

Textbook

Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…