Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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