Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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