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Level Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…

Non-contact Temperature Sensors

Textbook

Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…

Temperature Sensor Accessories

Textbook

One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…

Pressure Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…

Pneumatic Actuator Response

Textbook

A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…

Level Sensor Accessories

Textbook

Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…

Distance (21) Protection

Textbook

A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…

Electrical Sensors: Potential Transformers (PTs) and Current Transformers (CTs)

Textbook

The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…

Teaching Diagnostic Principles and Practices

Textbook

Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…

Proportional-only Control

Textbook

Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…

Laser Spectroscopy

Textbook

A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…

Integral (Reset) Control

Textbook

Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…

Bi-metal Temperature Sensors

Textbook

Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…

Fluorescence Measurement

Textbook

When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…

Valve Seat Leakage

Textbook

In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…

Root Mean Square (RMS) Quantities

Textbook

It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…

Open-ended, Shorted and Properly Terminated Transmission Lines

Textbook

Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…

Input/Output (I/O) Capabilities of PLCs

Textbook

Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…

Calibration Errors and Testing

Textbook

The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…

Digital Data Communication Theory

Textbook

One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…

Valve Positioners

Textbook

The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…

Digital Multimeter (DMM) Tips and Tricks

Textbook

The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…

Interconnected Generators

Textbook

Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…

Resistance, Reactance and Impedance

Textbook

Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…

Common Control Valve Problems

Textbook

Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…

What are Simple Machines?

Textbook

A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…

Introduction to Inductors and Inductance

Textbook

Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…

Formulae for Common Chemical Compounds

Textbook

Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…

4-wire “Passive” Versus “Active” Output Transmitters

Textbook

Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…

Use of Line Reactors

Textbook

Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…

Understanding Area, Volume and Common Geometry

Textbook

Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…

Analog to Digital Conversion and ADCs

Textbook

In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…

Distance (21) Protection

Textbook

A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…

Metering Pumps

Textbook

A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…

Introduction to Capacitors and Capacitance

Textbook

Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…

Force-balance Pressure Transmitters

Textbook

An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…

Digital Representation of Text

Textbook

Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…

Process and Instrument Diagrams

Textbook

The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…

Analog Signal Conditioning and Referencing

Textbook

Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…

Kirchhoff’s Current and Voltage Laws

Textbook

Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…

Proper Care and Feeding of Pneumatic Instruments

Textbook

Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Physical Layer

Textbook

Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…

Electromagnetism Basics

Textbook

The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…

Conservation Laws

Textbook

The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…