Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise…
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the…
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than…
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is…
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a…
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to…
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a…
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of…
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this:…
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief…
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART,…
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to…
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions…
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to…
Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits.…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…