Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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