Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook