One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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