Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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