One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin