Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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