Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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