Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the…
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only…
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position…
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve…
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity…
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration…
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to…
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position…
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in…
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation…
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the…
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than…
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed…
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task…
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to…
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world…
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is…
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids…
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating…
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement…
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given…
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or…
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate,…
Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified…
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic…
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created…