A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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