As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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