A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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