Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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