The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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