An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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