Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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