Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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