An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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