In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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