The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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