Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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