One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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