Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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