Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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