Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook