A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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