Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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