When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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