Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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