In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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