A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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