One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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