Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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