Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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