A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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