Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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