Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin