A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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