Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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