In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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