A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin