A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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