A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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