A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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