Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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