Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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