An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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