Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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