The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin