There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin