AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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