Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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