DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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