Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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