Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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