In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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