Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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