Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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