A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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