A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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