There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin