The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin