Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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