Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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