In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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