(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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