Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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