The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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