As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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