As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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