The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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