“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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