As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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