As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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