Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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