Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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