The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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