An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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