When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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