A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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