(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Learn about Modbus function codes, the structure of Modbus message packets, and the various types of channels used to transmit Modbus telegrams between controllers.
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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