As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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