The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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