One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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