Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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