Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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