An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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