In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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