Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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