A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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