In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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