In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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