Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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