Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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