Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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