Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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