Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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