In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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