Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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