The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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