Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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