Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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