The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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