A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin