A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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