A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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