In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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