Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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