At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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