Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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