A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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