A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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