Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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