A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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