Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin