Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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