A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
Textbook
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin