In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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