Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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