DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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