One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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