Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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