Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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