Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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