Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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