The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin