As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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