There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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