A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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