The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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