Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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