A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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