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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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