There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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