To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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