Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin