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Pneumatic PID Controllers

Textbook

A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…

Advantages and Disadvantages of Pneumatic Instruments

Textbook

The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…

Fluorescence Measurement

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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…

Numerical Integration

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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…

Valve Packing

Textbook

Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…

What are Simple Machines?

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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…

High-reliability Control Systems

Textbook

As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…

What is Hydrostatic Pressure?

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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…

Differential Pressure Transmitters

Textbook

One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…

Instrument and Process Equipment Symbols

Textbook

This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…

Self-balancing Pneumatic Instruments Principles

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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…

Control Valve Sizing

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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…

Tube and Tube Fittings

Textbook

Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…

Velocity-based Flowmeters

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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…

Mathematical Problem-solving Techniques

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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…

Analysis of Practical Pneumatic Instruments

Textbook

To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…

Displacement and Displacer Level Instrumentation

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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…

Instrument Identification Tags

Textbook

Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…

Common Control Valve Problems

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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…

Overpressure Protection Devices

Textbook

Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…

Classical Mechanics

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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…

The Difference Between Series and Parallel Circuits

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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…

The Stuxnet Virus

Textbook

In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…

Input/Output (I/O) Capabilities of PLCs

Textbook

Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…

Digital PID Controllers

Textbook

The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…

Error Corrections

Textbook

Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Textbook

At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…

Active Reading and Outlining Documentation

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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…

Introduction to Protective Relaying

Textbook

Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…

Mechanical Vibration Switches

Textbook

A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…

Interposing Relays in PLCs

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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…

Using Manometers for Measuring Pressure

Textbook

A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…

Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

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Difference Between Calibration and Re-ranging

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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and…

The Concept of Integration

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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…

Self-regulating, Integrating, and Runaway Process Characteristics

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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…

Insertion Flowmeters

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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…

Comparison of Op-Amp Circuits With Analogous Pneumatic Mechanisms

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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…

Chemiluminescence Measurement

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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…

Diagnosing Feedback Control Problems

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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…

Thermocouple Types, Junctions, Connector and Tip Styles

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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…

Change-of-quantity Flow Measurement

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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…

Electromagnetism Basics

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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus H1 Protocol Segment Troubleshooting

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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…

Level Switches

Textbook

A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…

Temperature Sensor Accessories

Textbook

One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…

Dampers and Louvres

Textbook

A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…

Pneumatic Actuator Response

Textbook

A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…

FOUNDATION Fieldbus Design Philosophy

Textbook

To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…

Analog Electronic PID Controllers

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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…

Introduction to Calculus

Textbook

Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…

Electrical Sources and Electronic Load

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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…

Error Corrections

Textbook

Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…

Proximity Switches

Textbook

A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…

Classified Areas and Electrical Safety Measures

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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…

Dispersive Spectroscopy

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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…

Metric Prefixes and Prefix Scale

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Quantitative PID Tuning Procedures

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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…

Colorimetric and Potentiometric pH Measurement

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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…

Safety Gas Analyzers

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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…