A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a…
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to…
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the…
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the…
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require…
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to…
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety…
A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the…
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring…
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in…
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to…
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they…
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed…
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass…
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems,…
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing…
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to…
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation…
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either…
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as…
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of…
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how…
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus…
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving…
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols…
Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving…
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial…
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors…
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical…
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a…
What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and…
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for…
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the…
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but…
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to…
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net…
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for…
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the…
Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to…
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric…
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern:…
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules…
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing…
A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control…
A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of…
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other…
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a…
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and…
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system,…
Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors…
A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some…
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the…
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all…
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading…
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid…
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for…