A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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