Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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