Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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