A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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