Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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