A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Like many other mathematical operations, the derivative and the integral perform inverse operations from each…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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