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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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