Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A flow switch is one that detects the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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