The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin