In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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