All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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