As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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