An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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