One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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