A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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