There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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In modern industry, the most popular form of field-level signal transmission for variable industrial…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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