A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Calculus. Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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