Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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