An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In our first signal characterization example, we tackle the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Although analog electronic process controllers are considered a newer technology than pneumatic process…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A pressure switch is one that detects the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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